Comparative Table: Poincaré / Bergson / Peirce

Provision of ChatGPT

Category	Jules-Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)	Henri Bergson (1859–1941)	Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914)
Major Works	La Science et l’hypothèse (1902); La Valeur de la Science (1905); Science et Méthode (1908)	Time and Free Will (1889); Creative Evolution (1907)	“The Fixation of Belief” (1877); “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” (1878)
Central Concern	Foundations of mathematics and physics; “conventionalism” in theory choice	Philosophy of time, life, and intuition (critique of mechanism)	Logic of inquiry, semiotics, and fallibilism
Epistemological Position	Experience guides but does not determine theory; theories are chosen for convenience and efficacy (pragmatic constructivism)	Intuition grasps the flow of life; time as creative duration (durée)	Knowledge is a chain of fallible hypotheses; truth emerges via communal inquiry
Concept of Truth	Not absolute truth but “the most advantageous theory”	Truth as process, not static proposition	Truth as revisable belief, open to correction
Concept of Experience	Experience provides context, not constraint, for theory selection	Experience as part of the living flow; participatory rather than analytical	Experience as experimental field for inquiry; evolves through signs and reasoning
View of Cognitive Evolution	Scientific knowledge evolves through pragmatic selection; fitness = empirical success	Consciousness evolves creatively, as life does	Knowledge evolves through trial, error, and correction
Methodological Feature	Fusion of mathematical rigor and philosophical reflection	Intuitionism and anti-mechanistic vitalism	Integration of semiotics, logic, and pragmatism
Intellectual Legacy	Neo-Kantianism, structuralism, philosophy of science	Phenomenology, process philosophy, vitalism	Pragmatism, semiotics, analytic philosophy, cognitive science
Connection to Your Essay	Resonates with your view of “language as adaptive interface”: theories as adaptive constructs	Serves as counterpoint: “life before language” illuminates the linguistic boundary	Extends your theme via “language as inquiry and error-correction system”